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Mimar Sinan
Koca Mi'mâr Sinân Âğâ (; Modern Turkish: Mimar Sinan, , "Sinan the Architect") ( 1489/1490 – July 17, 1588) was the chief Ottoman architect () and civil engineer for sultans Suleiman the Magnificent, Selim II, and Murad III. He was responsible for the construction of more than 300 major structures and other more modest projects, such as his Islamic primary schools (''sibyan mektebs''). His apprentices would later design the Sultan Ahmed Mosque in Istanbul, Stari Most in Mostar, and help design the Taj Mahal in the Mughal Empire.
The son of a stonemason, he received a technical education and became a military engineer. He rose rapidly through the ranks to become first an officer and finally a Janissary commander, with the honorific title of ağa.〔Goodwin (2001), p. 87〕 He refined his architectural and engineering skills while on campaign with the Janissaries, becoming expert at constructing fortifications of all kinds, as well as military infrastructure projects, such as roads, bridges and aqueducts.〔Kinross (1977), pp 214–215〕 At about the age of fifty, he was appointed as chief royal architect, applying the technical skills he had acquired in the army to the "creation of fine religious buildings" and civic structures of all kinds.〔 He remained in this post for almost fifty years.
His masterpiece is the Selimiye Mosque in Edirne, although his most famous work is the Suleiman Mosque in Istanbul. He headed an extensive governmental department and trained many assistants who, in turn, distinguished themselves, including Sedefkar Mehmed Agha, architect of the Sultan Ahmed Mosque. He is considered the greatest architect of the classical period of Ottoman architecture and has been compared to Michelangelo, his contemporary in the West.〔De Osa, Veronica.〕〔Saoud (2007), p. 7〕 Michelangelo and his plans for St. Peter's Basilica in Rome were well known in Istanbul, since Leonardo da Vinci and he had been invited, in 1502 and 1505 respectively, by the Sublime Porte to submit plans for a bridge spanning the Golden Horn.〔Vasari (1963), Book IV, p. 122〕
==Early years and background==
According to contemporary biographer, Mustafa Sâi Çelebi, Sinan was born in 1489 (c. 1490 according to the Encyclopædia Britannica,〔Encyclopædia Britannica. (Sinan (Ottoman architect) ): Sinan, also called Mimar Sinan (“Architect Sinan”) or Mimar Koca Sinan (“Great Architect Sinan”) (born c. 1490, Ağırnaz, Turkey—died July 17, 1588, Constantinople (Istanbul )), most celebrated of all Ottoman architects, whose ideas, perfected in the construction of mosques and other buildings, served as the basic themes for virtually all later Turkish religious and civic architecture.
The son of Armenian Christian parents, Sinan entered his father’s trade as a stone mason and carpenter. 〕 1491 according to the Dictionary of Islamic Architecture〔(Encyclopædia Britannica: Sinan (Ottoman architect) )〕 and sometime between 1494 and 1499, according to the Turkish professor and architect Reha Günay) with the name Joseph. He was born either an Armenian,〔Zaryan, ''Sinan'', Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia, p. 385.〕〔Kouymjian, Dickran. "Armenia from the Fall of the Cilician Kingdom (1375) to the Forced Emigration under Shah Abbas (1604)" in ''The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, Volume II: Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century''. Richard G. Hovannisian (ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997, p. 13. ISBN 0-312-10168-6.〕〔Alboyajian (1937), vol. 2, pp. 1533-34.〕 Cappadocian Greek,〔Talbot, Hamlin ''Architecture Through the Ages''. University of Michigan, p. 208.〕〔Sinan: the grand old master of Ottoman architecture, p. 35, Aptullah Kuran, Institute of Turkish Studies, 1987〕〔Walker, Benjamin and Peter Owen ''Foundations of Islam: the making of a world faith'', 1998, p. 275.〕 Albanian, or a Christian Turk〔Akgündüz Ahmed & Öztürk Said, (2011), Ottoman History, Misperfections and Truths, IUR Press (Islamitische Universiteit Rotterdam), Pg.196, (See online ). Quoted from the book: "According to yet another view, Sinan came from a Christian Turkish family, whose father's name was Abdulmennan and his grandfather's Doğan Yusuf."〕 in a small town called Ağırnas near the city of Kayseri in Anatolia (as stated in an order by Sultan Selim II).〔Goodwin (2003), pp 199–200.〕 According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, Sinan had either Armenian or Greek origin.〔 One argument that lends credence to his Armenian or Greek background is a decree by Selim II dated Ramadan 7 981 (ca. Dec. 30, 1573), which grants Sinan's request to forgive and spare his relatives from the general exile of Kayseri's Armenian communities to the island of Cyprus;〔This decree was published in the Turkish journal ''Türk Tarihi Encümeni Mecmuası'', vol. 1, no. 5 (June 1930-May 1931) p. 10.〕〔 while Godfrey Goodwin stated that "after the Ottoman conquest of Cyprus in 1571, when Selim II decided to repopulate the island by transferring Rum (Orthodox Christian) families from the Karaman Eyalet, Sinan intervened on behalf of his family and obtained two orders from the Sultan in council exempting them from deportation."〔 According to Herbert J. Muller he "seems to have been an Armenian." Lucy Der Manuelian of Tufts University suggests that "he can be identified as an Armenian through a document in the imperial archives and other evidence."
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